关键词： IoT security   mobile edge computing   image steganography   evolutionary multi-objective optimization   artificial immune  

摘要： Mobile edge computing provides high computing power, data storage capacity and bandwidth requirements for Internet of Things (IoT) through edge servers that process data close to data sources or users. In practical, mobile edge computing can be used to implement image steganography in IoT. Considering imperceptibility, security and capacity are important indicators for image steganography, this paper propose an image steganography based on evolutionary multi-objective optimization (EMOsteg). The EMOsteg preprocesses the image through a high-pass filters bank to find noise and texture regions that are difficult to model. By perturbing the image on noise and texture regions in multiple directions, the embedded capacity is increased. By defining the imperceptibility and security as an antigen, defining the perturbation positions of the cover image as an antibody, the EMOsteg uses the artificial immune principle to heuristically obtain the perturbation population through feature extraction of the perturbation and adaptive evolution operations. And the Pareto optimal is used to find the optimal perturbation in the last generation population. The simulation experiments analyze the convergence of the algorithm and the diversity of the solutions. In simulation experiments, the MSE, PSNR and SSIM were adopted to evaluate the imperceptibility, and the results show that the MSE value of our algorithm is 0.000308, the PSNR is 82.7501 and the SSIM approaches 1, they are better than comparison algorithms. The average detection error P-E under SPA was adopted to detect the security, and the results show that our algorithm is more robust against anti-SPA steganalysis. In order to evaluate the performance of real-time, the embedding time of the same secret under different algorithms were compared, and the results show that our algorithm is faster than comparison algorithms in the terminal. In summary, the proposed algorithm can maintain the image quality while resist steganalysis to

关键词： Resource management   Servers   Energy consumption   Machine learning   Mobile handsets   Edge computing   Cloud computing   Mobile edge computing   resource allocation   computational offloading   deep learning   energy efficient  

摘要： Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has emerged as an alternative to cloud computing to meet the latency and Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements of mobile devices. In this paper, we address the problem of server resource allocation in MEC. Due to the dynamic load conditions on MEC servers, their resources need to be used intelligently to meet the QoS requirements of the users and to minimize server energy consumption. We present a novel resource allocation algorithm, called Power Migration Expand (PowMigExpand). Our algorithm assigns user requests to the optimal server and allocates optimal amount of resources to User Equipment (UE) based on our comprehensive utility function. PowMigExpand also migrates UE requests to new servers, when needed due to the mobility of users. We also present a low cost Energy Efficient Smart Allocator (EESA) algorithm that uses deep learning for energy efficient allocation of requests to optimal servers. The proposed algorithms consider varying load of incoming requests and their heterogeneous nature, energy efficient activation of servers, and Virtual Machine (VM) migration for smart resource allocation and, thus, is the first comprehensive approach to address the complex and multidimensional resource allocation problem using deep learning. We compare our proposed algorithms with other resource allocation approaches and show that our approach can handle the dynamic load conditions better. The proposed algorithms improve the service rate and the overall utility with minimum energy consumption. On average, it reduces 26% energy consumption of MESs and improves the service rate by 23%, compared with other algorithms. We also get more than 70% accuracy for EESA in allocating the resources of multiple servers to multiple users.

关键词： Cloud computing   Servers   Delays   Bibliometrics   Edge computing   Licenses   Mobile edge computing   cloud servers   networks   edge device   smart cities   latency   energy  

摘要： The realm of cloud computing has revolutionized access to cloud resources and their utilization and applications over the Internet. However, deploying cloud computing for delay critical applications and reducing the delay in access to the resources are challenging. The Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) paradigm is one of the effective solutions, which brings the cloud computing services to the proximity of the edge network and leverages the available resources. This paper presents a survey of the latest and state-of-the-art algorithms, techniques, and concepts of MEC. The proposed work is unique in that the most novel algorithms are considered, which are not considered by the existing surveys. Moreover, the chosen novel literature of the existing researchers is classified in terms of performance metrics by describing the realms of promising performance and the regions where the margin of improvement exists for future investigation for the future researchers. This also eases the choice of a particular algorithm for a particular application. As compared to the existing surveys, the bibliometric overview is provided, which is further helpful for the researchers, engineers, and scientists for a thorough insight, application selection, and future consideration for improvement. In addition, applications related to the MEC platform are presented. Open research challenges, future directions, and lessons learned in area of the MEC are provided for further future investigation.

关键词： Vehicle safety monitoring   Mobile edge computing   Image uploading  

摘要： This paper proposes an image uploading system for vehicle safety monitoring applications based on mobile edge computing technologies. In this system, numerous camera nodes are placed within vehicles to collect vehicle journey data, and when emergency events such as accidents are detected, a camera with a view in the direction of the accident can upload more data than those in other directions. In addition, other vehicles within the area of the accident will also upload image data about the event, meaning that a greater amount of useful data on the accident will be collected for analysis and assistance to drivers. We propose to use mobile edge computing because of its many advantages, such as fast service response, low end-to-end delay and suitability for large data storage systems. We also propose solutions to minimize the uploading of redundant, repetitive and similar image data, a problem that has been encountered in previous systems. The results of both experiments and simulations showed that our system achieves better performance than those proposed in related studies.

关键词： Fiber wireless network   mobile edge computing   collaborative computation offloading   scaling computing capability   transmit power allocation   residual battery rate  

摘要： With the emergence of smart mobile devices (SMDs) and mobile applications, the cloud-mobile edge computing (MEC) collaborative computation offloading (CMCCO) scheme, i.e., offloading the computation-intensive task from the local SMD to either the MEC server, or the remote mobile cloud computing server (MCC), is widely identified as a promising candidate under the conflict between SMDs' limited computing ability and computing-intensive application requiring higher energy consumption. Meanwhile, the existing CMCCO scenario over integrated cloud-MEC Fiber Wireless broadband access networks (CM-FiWi) architecture, by generally fixing computing ability and transmitting power, still achieves higher computation offloading overhead in terms of task's aggregate response time and SMD's energy consumption. In light of this, the energy-aware collaborative computation offloading (EA-CCO) paradigm with very diverse types of computation tasks over CM-FiWi broadband access network is provided in this paper. An iterative searching algorithm for collaborative computation offloading scheme (ISA-CCO) is proposed as a solution to obtain minimized task offloading overhead, which jointly takes scaling computing ability, variable transmit power, and residual battery rate into considerations. Extensive numerical results demonstrate that the proposed solution outperforms the traditional paradigms, e.g., optimal enumeration collaborative computation offloading scheme (OECCO), approximation collaborative computation offloading algorithm (ACCO), and game theoretic collaborative computation offloading scheme (GT-CCO). More specially, the proposed ISA-CCO scheme obviously achieves lower overall task offloading overhead than those fixed transmit power and computational frequency scaling.

关键词： Intelligent data offloading   mobile edge computing   Internet of Things   risk-based behavior modeling   cognitive decision making   probabilistic uncertainty  

摘要： Data offloading to Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) servers is an attractive choice for resource-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices, towards reducing their computational effort. In this paper, we investigate the potential of partial data offloading to MEC servers, under the perspective of users & x2019;cognitive IoT devices presenting loss averse and gain seeking behavior. Due to the sharing nature of the access environment and the MEC server & x2019;s computational characteristics, we treat the MEC server option as a common pool of resources with uncertain payoff returned to the users, while the local computation capability is treated as a safe option for each user. Following the properties of Prospect Theory, users & x2019;prospect-theoretic utilities are formulated exploiting the local computing and offloading overhead options under probabilistic uncertainty. Such a modeling allows for the infusion of human awareness, inherent cognitive biases and behavioral characteristics into the devices & x2019;operation, their data offloading decisions and the edge computing environment that the devices are interacting with. Accordingly, each user & x2019;s optimal offloaded data to the MEC server is obtained as the outcome of a non-cooperative game, with users attempting to maximize their own utilities. The existence and uniqueness of a Pure Nash Equilibrium (PNE) are proven under the probabilistic nature of the respective payoff functions, while a distributed algorithm that convergences to the PNE is designed. Numerical results are provided that demonstrate the operation and superiority of the proposed framework under different IoT scenarios and behaviors, considering both homogeneous and heterogeneous users.

关键词： computation-communication tradeoff   Computational modeling   Data models   Distributed machine learning   distributed optimization   Learning systems   Machine learning   mobile edge computing   Performance evaluation   Servers   timely computing   Wireless communication  

摘要： We consider distributed machine learning at the wireless edge, where a parameter server builds a global model with the help of multiple wireless edge devices that perform computations on local dataset partitions. Edge devices transmit the result of their computations (updates of current global model) to the server using a fixed rate and orthogonal multiple access over an error prone wireless channel. In case of a transmission error, the undelivered packet is retransmitted until successfully decoded at the receiver. Leveraging on the fundamental tradeoff between computation and communication in distributed systems, our aim is to derive how many edge devices are needed to minimize the average completion time while guaranteeing convergence. We provide upper and lower bounds for the average completion and we find a necessary condition for adding edge devices in two asymptotic regimes, namely the large dataset and the high accuracy regime. Conducted experiments on real datasets and numerical results confirm our analysis and substantiate our claim that the number of edge devices should be carefully selected for timely distributed edge learning. IEEE

关键词： Mobile edge computing   unmanned aerial vehicle   computation offloading   deep reinforcement learning  

摘要： Users in heterogeneous wireless networks may generate massive amounts of data that are delay-sensitive or require computation-intensive processing. Owing to computation ability and battery capacity limitations, wireless users (WUs) cannot easily process such data in a timely manner, and mobile edge computing (MEC) is increasingly being used to resolve this issue. Specifically, data generated by WUs can be offloaded to the MEC server for processing, which has greater computing power than WUs. However, as the location of MEC servers is fixed, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been considered a promising solution in heterogeneous wireless networks. In this study, we design an UAV-assisted computation offloading scheme in an MEC framework with renewable power supply. The proposed model considers the instability of energy arrival, stochastic computation tasks generated by WUs, and a time-varying channel state. Owing to the complexity of the state, it is difficult to use traditional Markov decision process (MDP) with complete prior knowledge for offloading optimization. Accordingly, we propose UAV-assisted computation offloading for MEC based on deep reinforcement learning (UACODRL) to minimize the total cost, which is the weighted sum of the delay, energy consumption, and bandwidth cost. We first use the K-Means algorithm for classification to reduce the dimension of the action space. Subsequently, we use UACODRL to find the near-optimal offloading scheme to minimize the total cost. Simulations demonstrate that UACODRL converges satisfactorily and performs better than four baseline schemes with different parameter configurations.

关键词： Cloud computing   Job shop scheduling   Delays   Processor scheduling   Optimization   Servers   Service function chain   mobile edge computing   scheduling optimization   deep reinforcement learning  

摘要： MEC (Mobile Edge Computing) provides both IT service environment and cloud computation on the edge of the network. This technology not only minimizes the end-to-end latency but also increases the efficiency of computing. Some latency-sensitive applications, such as cloud video, online game, and augmented reality, take advantage of the MEC system to provide fast and stable services. Several new network techniques, including the implementation of NFV (Network Function Virtualization), the placement of VNF (Virtual Network Function) and the scheduling of SFC (Service Function Chain), should be considered to be applied in the MEC system. In this paper, we focus on the research about the scheduling of SFC in the NFV enabled MEC system and propose a solution accordingly. First, we make reasonable assumptions on the settings of MEC systems and model the SFC scheduling problem into a flexible job-shop scheduling problem. Since minimizing the latency can significantly improve the quality of service (QoS) and increase the revenue of Internet Service Providers, our optimization goal is to minimize the overall scheduling latency. To solve this optimization problem, a deep reinforcement learning based algorithm DQS is proposed. DQS can detect the variation of the MEC system's environment and perform adaptive scheduling for SFC requests. As the results of the simulation indicate, DQS works better than the other off-the-shelf algorithms in two key indexes: overall scheduling latency and average resource usage. Moreover, DQS can shorten the decision time and schedule SFCs stably with high performance. It is suitable to be extended to an online scheduling algorithm.

关键词： Task analysis   Servers   Delays   Cost function   Heuristic algorithms   Roads   V2X   vehicular networks   integer linear programming   intelligent transportation systems   mobile edge computing   multi-access edge computing   task offloading  

摘要： Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) will become an essential part of every city in the near future. They should support various vehicle-to-everything (V2X) applications that improve road safety or even enable autonomous driving. Recently, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) introduced a multi-access (mobile) edge computing concept as a promising solution to satisfy the V2X delay and computational requirements. Based on this concept, the tasks generated by V2X applications can be offloaded to servers at the edge of the radio access network (RAN). There is a need for a task offloading algorithm that minimizes the ITS operator expenses connected with the servers deployment and maintenance while satisfying the requirements of the V2X applications. Most of the existing papers in the literature do not pay much attention to queuing delays at servers. In this paper, the queuing delays are analyzed by considering a general-type task computational time distribution. A non-linear optimization problem is formulated to minimize the ITS operator expenses subject to delays and computational resources constraints. The flexibility is also improved by considering that a delay constraint is satisfied with a given probability. To solve this problem, a method for linearization of the problem is proposed, and consequently, an algorithm based on Integer Linear Programming (ILP) is designed. A heuristic algorithm called Cost-effective Heuristic Algorithm for Task offloading (CHAT) is also introduced that provides close to optimal results and has much lower computational complexity than the ILP algorithm. The efficiency of the CHAT algorithm is studied in several scenarios in terms of the computational time, delays, and the total server energy consumption as the cost function. The results show that the CHAT algorithm satisfies the requirements of the V2X applications in all the considered scenarios and reduces the ITS operator expenses over twice compared with ot